Chairs and Chair Accessories:

If you spend many hours in a sitting position it is vital you have a chair that is tailored to meet your individual needs especially if you wish to maintain comfort and independence. Your size, degree of mobility and any existing pain are examples of some of the factors which can influence the choice of chair.

The aim of this information sheet is to provide basic information for you to consider before buying, replacing or adapting an arm or lounge type chair. It outlines key chair dimensions, different chair features, and the various types of lounge chair to help you decide what is suitable for you. It also describes several types of accessories and adaptations if you do not wish to buy a new chair.

Lounge chairs are designed mainly for relaxing. You also need to bear in mind all the activities you wish to do (eg transferring, socialising, watching television, reading, phoning, writing, drinking, eating, knitting) before buying or adapting. Different activities require different postural positions, degree of support, level of comfort and room to move in and around the chair. Remember it is healthy to move regularly throughout the day. If possible, ensure there are other chairs you can use safely.

Move to sit at the dining table to eat or use a perching stool in the kitchen if you have a surface with knee room underneath. Consider using a perching stool in the bathroom to sit on to wash if you find standing difficult.

For advice for people who need pressure relief whilst sitting in an armchair, refer to the Assist Ireland Information Sheet Pressure relief equipment.

The information contained in this document is strictly for information purposes only. There are hazards with all equipment and the suitability of any solution is totally dependent on the individual. It is strongly recommended to seek professional advice and assistance before you consider buying any type of equipment mentioned in this Information Sheet.

Considerations when choosing a chair

The internal dimensions of the chair (seat height, width and depth, and backrest height) need to match the size of the user to ensure adequate support. When you are sitting, the support that the chair gives you from underneath should be evenly spread beneath your bottom and legs, with no particular points of pressure. The support to your back should enable you to relax, helping you to maintain a safe and comfortable position, again with no particular points of pressure. It is also worth bearing in mind the overall dimensions of the chair if space is limited. Remember, if the chair is going to be reclined regularly, make sure that there is sufficient space behind the chair for the backrest to move into. It is advisable to try out a range of chairs before buying one because slight differences in the slope and angle of the backrest or the position and style of armrests can make a big difference to individual comfort.

Seat height

The height of the seat can determine how easy it is to get in and out of the chair. A high seat will make it easier to stand up and sit down, particularly if you find it difficult to push up using your arms or if you have any pain or weakness in your legs

However, if the seat is too high, your feet will not touch the floor and it may feel uncomfortable under your thighs.

A seat that is too low will be more difficult to get out of and will direct pressure towards the pelvis rather than distributing it evenly along the thighs.

The correct seat height can be calculated by measuring the distance from the floor to the crease at the back of the knees. When seated, the hips and knees should be at right angles whilst your feet are flat on the floor.

If you need to measure the height of the seat of your current chair, make sure you do this when you are sitting in it, taking into account the amount that the cushion or seat compresses. The seat height of a well-used older chair with softer cushions is likely to be significantly lower.

Most high seat chair manufacturers have a range of chairs with a seat height between 46cm-59cm (18–24 inches). Some will make other heights to order. If you need a very high seat to make standing easier but need support for the feet when seated, try using a footstool but make sure you can push it out of the way easily before standing up.

If you struggle to get on/off a chair, you may also be experiencing difficulty transferring to/from a toilet. You may benefit from a grab rail on the wall by the toilet, a raised toilet seat or a seat and frame over the toilet.

Seat width

The seat should be wide enough to allow you to sit comfortably whilst reading, writing or knitting for instance, but narrow enough to enable you to make use of the armrests. Ideally, it should be the width of your hips plus approximately 5cm (2 inches) on either side.

Seat depth (front to back)

The seat needs to be deep enough to support the full length of the thighs. If the seat is too deep, you will have to lean back to provide support for the shoulders. This may cause you to slump in the chair and the cushion may rub behind your knees. A deep seat may also cause your bottom to slide forwards in the chair. If it is too shallow, your thighs will not be supported properly and after a while you may be uncomfortable.

To calculate the correct depth, measure the distance from the back of the hips, along the thighs to approximately 3cm (1.5 inches) behind the back of the knees. When seated you should be able to place two fingers together between the edge of the seat and the back of the knee. A greater depth should be allowed if you require additional back supports or cushions.

Backrest height and shape

The backrest should be angled slightly backwards. If it is too upright, it can be tiring as you will constantly be trying not to lean forwards. However, if it slopes too far back, it may force you to slide forwards on the seat.

Comfort is often determined by the shape of the backrest. It should be gently curved to match the natural curves of the spine and provide good support, particularly around the small of the back and the head.

Many older people have a rounded back and shoulders which make it difficult to get the correct support unless special cushions are used. People with a marked curvature of the spine may find a softer, canvas or angled backrest more comfortable.

Backrest angle

The backrest should be angled slightly backwards. If it is too upright, it can be tiring as you will constantly be trying not to lean forwards. However, if it slopes too far back, it may force you to slide forwards on the seat.

Headrests

Adjustable headrests can be positioned where the support is most needed. They should be easy to adjust and be secure when fixed. Some wrap around the back of the chair and the height can be adjusted. Others are on bands which lie over the top of the chair back and are fixed behind.

Headrest wings

These do not have any real functional purpose so it is down to personal preference whether you choose a chair with wings. They may help to support your head if you have a tendency to fall asleep in your chair. However, whenever possible it is better to lie down on your bed to have a proper sleep rather than to catnap. Even if the wings can provide some support for your neck, the position still puts a great strain on the muscles and ligaments in your neck and this can lead to pain and stiffness. As the wings can block your sideways visibility you may have to lean forwards to see round them. They may offer some protection from draughts.

The armrests

These should provide side support, and help you to stand up. They should be wide enough to support your forearms when relaxing. Padded armrests provide more comfort.

To help you stand up, the ends should be easy to grip and level with the front edge of the seat. Those made of bare wood with rounded ends are ideal. Armrests that have padded or scrolled ends may be more difficult to grip; square fronts may be painful to push down on.

The armrests should be at least the same length as the seat. If they project further forwards to give more support when standing, the front legs should be splayed.

Drop-down or removable armrests can help you get in and out of the chair from the side eg from a wheelchair.

Filled in armrests may be warmer and exclude draughts, and TV remote controls etc, are less likely to fall onto the floor. However, smokers should be aware that lighted cigarettes if dropped will get trapped and be a potential fire hazard.

Practical considerations

The seat

Usually chair seats have springs or are foam filled. If the seat is too hard, it may feel uncomfortable to sit on; if it is too soft, the chair frame may protrude through the cushion. Chairs should be made of good quality foam so that the air can flow freely within them. Cheaper foams give good support initially, but may sag after only a few months.

Some suppliers now incorporate special pressure relieving features in the standard seat which may be worth considering if you find it difficult to adjust your position or sit for long periods.

The legs

These can be splayed or straight. Splayed legs offer greater stability, especially when someone is pushing down on the armrests. However, if they stick out too far, they may get in the way. They can also get in the way if you use a hoist for getting in and out of the chair.

If the front legs are joined by a cross bar or are filled in with upholstery you may not be able to position your feet under the chair. This could make standing up more difficult.

The upholstery

Ideally, this should be warm and slip resistant. If possible avoid materials that cause sweating. Manufacturers offer a wide range of upholstery in a variety of colours and designs.

Although vinyl can be cleaned easily, it tends to be slippery and can cause sweating. A sheepskin cover is soft and warm and will absorb moisture; it also allows the air to circulate so that you do not become too hot. For people who have continence problems, there is a choice of upholstery that that is waterproof and has an attractive finish.

The larger/smaller user

If you are very small or very large you may find it difficult to get a chair which is the correct size. However, some suppliers will make modifications such as reducing the seat width and depth for a small person or reinforcing chairs for someone who is heavier. Always check the capacity of the chair if you are not sure it is strong enough to take your weight.

Made-to-measure chairs

If you have a chair adjusted to your particular needs it will cost more than buying a conventional high seat chair. A custom-made chair will be even more expensive. The manufacturer will arrange for a home assessment; but remember that, although these companies employ highly trained reps, most of them do not have a medical background and it is therefore advisable to ask a therapist to be present at the assessment.

Irish Standards

All upholstered furniture that is intended for private use in a house needs to conform to Irish Standards as set out in the Industrial Research and Standards (Fire Safety) (Domestic Furniture) Order, 1995. Check with suppliers which parts of these standards have been met.

Provision of chair equipment

Medical Card Holders

Equipment for people with disabilities, sometimes referred to as aids and appliances, is usually supplied free of charge to medical card holders. The card holder must first be assessed by the relevant therapist who can recommend and prescribe the most suitable equipment.

Long Term Illness Card Holders

People who have one of the conditions listed as qualifying under the Department of Health’s Long Term Illness Scheme may be eligible to receive items of equipment, essential for the primary condition, free of charge. Assessment by the relevant professional is required.

Hospital Treatment

People in hospital may have aids and appliances provided free of charge when they are prescribed as part of in-hospital treatment in a public hospital.

Health Insurance Schemes

The main companies offering private health insurance in Ireland are:

• Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI)
• Irish Life Health
• Laya Healthcare
• GloHealth

Some policies provide members with cover for a limited number of aids and appliances under their out-patient schemes. A list of approved appliances is available on request. A claim for the reimbursement (part or full) will be subject to a member’s out-patient excess. Medical certification is usually necessary. Contact your health insurance company’s Customer Services to check if a particular appliance is covered by your policy.

Some employers have their own special health insurance schemes which provide cover for their employees. The employee’s family is also often covered. Check with the employer to see what, if any, equipment is covered under the scheme.

Private Purchase of Equipment

Private purchase may be necessary if the user is not eligible to obtain the necessary equipment from the local area health services. Some people may also choose to buy privately because they want the wider choice of equipment available on the private market.

The purchaser has the option of:

• personally funding the cost of the equipment
• applying to charities/benevolent funds etc for funding
• buying second-hand
• checking with your health insurance company, if a member, to see if, or what, reimbursement is available.

Private Purchase – Applying for a VAT Refund

VAT paid on certain equipment which is privately purchased for use by a person with a disability can be reclaimed from Revenue. The relief applies to VAT on the purchase of goods which are aids and appliances designed to assist a disabled person to overcome a disability in the performance of their daily functions. Most aids to daily living and communication aids are included. Goods designed for leisure purposes are not. An invoice clearly stating the VAT content of the total amount paid must be included with the application. Contact Revenue’s Central Repayments Office to request Form VAT 61a (see Useful Addresses), or you can apply online for a VAT refund using eRepayments in Revenue’s myAccount service.

Assessment

Depending on the type of equipment required, a qualified therapist will assess the individual and make a recommendation to the body responsible for the provision of the equipment or to the person or agency who has requested the assessment. Generally the following applies, but the assessment process and provision may vary in different parts of the country.

• Occupational therapists will assess for aids to daily living – these include wheelchairs, mobility aids, specialised chairs, bath, shower and toilet aids, stairlifts, hoists etc
• Physiotherapists will assess for movement, strength and balance training equipment, walking aids and exercise devices
• Speech and language therapists will assess for communication, speech therapy, and training aids
• Other relevant therapists and specialists may also be involved in carrying out assessments, depending on the equipment or appliance required.

All the different therapists described above are based in hospitals, community care areas, and with various voluntary agencies. For more information, contact the Community Care section of your Health Services Executive area or the relevant hospital department as appropriate.

Private Occupational Therapists

Occupational therapists in private practice can carry out assessments in the home or workplace, and if home modifications are being considered, provide a report detailing the recommendations. It is important to ensure the therapist is experienced in relation to your particular needs. Make sure to discuss fees before engaging anyone’s services, and also check what the assessment fee includes (or does not include). The profession’s representative body, the Association of Occupational Therapists in Ireland (AOTI), keeps a list of contact details of member occupational therapists working in private practice in Ireland. This list is available from the AOTI (see Useful Addresses).

Private Physiotherapists

Physiotherapists can assess for movement, strength and balance training equipment, walking aids and exercise devices and recommend accordingly. If you wish to consult a physiotherapist you can go directly to your local chartered physiotherapist or ask your GP to refer you. It is important to ensure the therapist you consult is experienced in relation to your particular needs. Chartered physiotherapists work in hospitals and in the community where treatment is covered under the public health service. They also work in private practice and can be contacted through the profession’s representative body, the Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists (see Useful Addresses).

If you do decide to buy assistive equipment privately, it is strongly recommended to seek the advice of an appropriate therapist on the suitability of that equipment to your condition or situation. It is also recommended that you try out the equipment, if possible, before purchase.

You can also arrange to visit a supplier’s showroom (if they have one). Contact details of suppliers can be found online and many will have a website with details of their products and services.

Sometimes suppliers organise exhibitions of different types of equipment in various locations around the country allowing people to see and try equipment. These exhibitions are often advertised in the local paper or on local radio. You can also request to be put on a supplier’s mailing list so you will be notified if there is an event being held in your area.

Some companies will give equipment for a try-out period before purchase. Enquiries should also be made about maintenance (if it will be required), maintenance contracts (if relevant) and whether a user manual is provided with the equipment (essential).

When purchasing from any supplier, it is important to remember that it is their business to sell. There may be several suppliers of that particular piece of equipment or different manufacturers of the same type of equipment, so always shop around.

Helping you to get in and out of a chair

Many people find it difficult to get in and out of a chair, especially if it is a low sofa type. Reasons for difficulty include painful or stiff joints, muscle weakness, slow reactions or impaired balance. If you are finding it difficult, the various options that can be considered to make it easier include reviewing your technique, raising your chair, using a standing frame, using a riser cushion or exchanging your chair for a high seat chair or riser chair.

Technique

It is useful to look at how you are standing up and sitting down. Ask for an assessment by a physiotherapist or OT if you are uncertain of the technique.

The following sequence of actions may help you stand up:

• Place your hands firmly on the front of the armrests.
• Lean forwards away from the back of the chair.
• Move your bottom to the edge of the seat, either by shuffling forward by transferring weight from one buttock to the other, or by taking the weight through your arms and lifting your bottom.
• Make sure your feet are apart, one foot below the knee and the other slightly back towards the chair (you will find this difficult if you have not moved to the edge of the chair and the chair has been filled in or has a rail between the legs).
• Bring your head and shoulders over your knees (nose over toes).
• Lift your head and look straight ahead.
• Push with both arms and legs until you are in an upright position.
• If you are using a walking frame do not pull yourself up on a walking frame or another piece of furniture, as they are not secure. Only reach for a walking frame once you are in a stable upright position.

Similarly, this sequence of actions may help with sitting down:

• Feel the front of the chair seat with the back of your legs.
• Spread your weight over both feet. Slightly bend at the hips and knees, lean forwards and reach down for both armrests.
• Keep feeling for the seat with your legs as you sit down gently.
• You should not need to move your bottom back if your knees maintained contact with the front of the seat cushion. However, if you do need to move your bottom back, use the technique that is best for you (shuffling or lifting back), until you are supported by the back of the chair.

If you use a walking frame, remember to use the arms of the chair for standing up and sitting down. Do not be tempted to hold onto the frame, especially when standing up, as it may tip towards you.

Raising your chair

Another option to consider is raising your existing armchair using chair raisers. These increase the height of the legs, thus increasing the seat height so that you can stand up and sit down more easily. This is better than raising the height of the seat by adding more cushions – this has the effect of lowering the armrests, so that they offer less assistance.

Chair raisers come in sets of four and are placed under, or clamped onto the legs of a chair. Some sets come as four individual blocks, others are connected by adjustable length cruciform arms. The latter tend to be more stable. Chairs that are placed on blocks can be quite difficult to move. Always ensure that the appropriate shape or model of raiser is used for the shape of the chair leg. Always ensure that the original chair legs and the raisers are absolutely secure. Once fitted, the chair should not move or wobble as you use it.

Static standing frames

The length and width of these metal frames can be adjusted so that they fit around a chair or settee. They have two handles which extend upwards from the base to provide support for you to push against when standing or sitting. The version for use with a settee has fold-down handles, which allow you to turn and put your feet up onto the sofa if you wish.

High seat chairs and sofas

If you are unable to raise your existing chair or use a standing frame you may consider buying a high seat chair. These lounge or fireside chairs have a high, firm seat, stable armrests and a high supportive backrest. They are available in a wide range of designs and colours.

More clinical looking hospital armchairs are also available which may be cheaper than the wooden framed domestic models. Although they have metal frames and vinyl covers, they can be comfortable and easy to get out of.

Seat riser (raiser) cushions

These are static cushions providing additional height. These can be used in a standard chair and may suit you if your need is only short term. The riser cushion is either placed directly on top of the seat cushion or the chair cushion is removed and the riser cushion placed on the base of the chair. It adds to the overall height of the seat but has the effect of lowering the armrests, so that they offer less assistance. As riser cushions tend to be smaller than the dimensions of most seats they may be uncomfortable to sit on for any length of time. If you are at risk of developing a pressure ulcer you should seek the advice of an occupational therapist before purchasing one.

The units are portable so that they can be used when visiting friends or for going out; some even have a carrying handle. There is a limited choice of colours and the covers are usually vinyl or fabric.

Manual seat riser (lift) cushions

If you have difficulty getting out of a high seat chair you could consider getting a seat riser cushion or riser chair. These have a spring or hydraulically operated mechanism which, when activated, tilts the seat forward to assist you to get out of the chair. The mechanism can be adjusted according to the weight of the user.

They should only be used with an armchair and should replace the original cushion. If you place the riser/lift cushion on top of the original cushion it gives more height, but it may be less stable and it effectively reduces the height and usefulness of the armrests. The riser/lift cushion should fit well within the chair without too much movement. With all riser cushions and chairs consider any risk that the mechanism may trap a part of the user’s body, his/her clothes, or items such as walking sticks. Consider also the risk of entrapping other people, especially children, or pets. Under British Standard BS8474 some chairs now have safety devices to stop this. If you are concerned, look for a chair that meets this standard.

Most of the cushions only have a tilting seat, but the more sophisticated chairs have a combination of seat lift and tilt which provides a better position for standing. The following points should be considered.

• It is important that the lifting mechanism is adjusted according to your weight. The seat will not work if you are too heavy or, if you are too light, it could spring up with such force that it propels you forward suddenly. Some risers are ordered pre-set from the factory; others are adjusted in the home.
• Manual riser cushions or chairs are hazardous in an environment such as a residential home, where someone other than the intended user may sit in the chair. It is potentially dangerous if that person is lighter than the person for whom the chair or cushion was originally set.
• You need hand control to release the lock and enough arm strength to lift your body slightly from the seat in order to trigger the mechanism. You also need the strength in your legs to keep your knees back as the seat rises.
• Other than in exceptional circumstances choose a seat with a locking mechanism that locks the cushion/seat in the down position. This stops the seat springing up unintentionally, eg if you lift your weight reaching forward. The lock should have a label clearly indicating the on and off positions.

Powered riser seat units or cushions

A few powered portable lifting seat units or cushions are available. They tend to have a larger seat than many manual riser units and, as a result are slightly more comfortable. One advantage of a powered number is that the lifting action is not weight specific, although you need to check your weight is within the maximum capacity of lift. Another advantage is that the units are more controllable and you can stop the rise or lower at any point.

A disadvantage is that the units come with handsets on leads and separate batteries. These are charged using main electricity and need positioning on chairs near a suitable socket.

Manually operated riser chairs with seat locking mechanism

Manual riser chairs have seats which are hinged at the front edge. When the seat locking mechanism is released a gas or spring operated mechanism tilts the seat forward to help you stand up.

It is important that users have the ability to bring their weight forward and to initiate a push on the armrests. It is also essential that they can position their feet correctly before the seat starts to rise up.

Manually operated riser chairs without seat lock mechanism

Very few of these chairs are still available and they should only be used in exceptional circumstances eg if the user is unable to operate a locking mechanism due to painful or weak fingers.

Powered riser chairs

As with manual riser chairs there is a risk that the mechanism may trap the body or clothes of the user. Also many powered chairs do not have an automatic cut-off if an item is trapped underneath the moving parts. This can present a serious risk for users and especially for children.

Powered riser chairs use mains electricity and need to be placed within easy reach of a socket. They also tend to be larger and you need to check you have the space. Check with the companies whether they can make a chair with smaller dimensions if needed. Less effort is required to stand up from these chairs than from manual seat lift chairs, but the action tends to be much slower.

It is important you have the ability to re-organise your position as the chair rises. If your feet are not positioned correctly you may lose your balance when the chair is in the raised position.

Controls

The control handset for powered chairs usually has push buttons or rocker switches. The latter are easier to use if you have limited hand function. The more buttons or switches there are the more complicated they are to use. Where appropriate it is probably wise to have a chair with fewer functions and benefit from the simpler controls.

There are three different types of powered riser chairs: one with a mechanism that raises the seat only; one where the seat and the armrests rise; and one where the whole chair rises – seat, armrests and backrest.

Most powered riser chairs are now of the type where the whole chair rises and the seat tips forward. To use these chairs safely it is important you have sufficient strength and control of your trunk and legs. There is a risk you may slip down as the chair rises if your legs are too weak.

Electrically powered riser chairs with a seat rise only

As the seat rises, this type of chair leaves the back and armrests behind. When the chair is in its up position the armrests are not at a convenient height to push against and the person has no back support. However, this kind of chair may be advantageous for someone who is transferring into an adjacent wheelchair, as the seat rises above the armrests so that they do not impede the transfer. However transferring back into the chair from a wheelchair may not be any easier. It is possible that objects such as TV remote controls can disappear into a gap between the seat and backrest.

Electrically-powered riser chairs with seat and armrest rise

These chairs have a mechanism that lifts both the seat and the armrests up and forwards so that the user is still able to push down against the armrests when standing up. However, there is no back support when the chair is in a raised position.

Electrically-powered riser chairs with seat, armrests and backrest rise

Usually, these chairs have a mechanism that lifts the whole chair, including the seat, the backrest and the armrests up and forwards. They provide users with all round support when in a semi-standing position as well as making it possible for them to push down against the armrests enabling them to stand up more easily.

To use these chairs safely it is important you have sufficient strength and control of your trunk and legs. There is a risk you may slip down as the chair rises if your legs are too weak. This is worth considering or monitoring if you are aware your condition is changing.

A few chairs have a seat that rises vertically without tipping forward. This is safer for people who need to remain secure for longer and need more time to adjust to the higher position. It is also easier if you use a level sliding transfer especially when the arms of the chair drop down or can be removed. Some companies offer the vertical rise as an option to the standard rise and tip forward.

Reclining in your chair

Reclining chairs enable you to alter your position during the day. These are useful if you have a back problem; if you need to relax or sleep during the day; or if you have muscle weakness and find it difficult to support your head.

Reclining chairs generally have leg rests that lift up to support your calves. You need to take care not to trap your legs underneath the leg rests or between the top edge of the leg rest and the chair cushion.

The leg rest on many recliners operates simultaneously with the backrest, which is ideal if the person only uses the chairs for sitting or lying. However, some models enable backrests and leg rests to be operated independently. These may be more suitable for people who need to elevate their legs while sitting up.

If the user needs to recline the backrest without elevating the leg rest there may be a tendency to slide forward on the seat. In this case, a chair with a tilt-in-space mechanism (where the seat and backrest tilt backwards maintaining a 90° angle between them) may be the best option.

Manually-operated reclining chairs

A lever or wheel is used to recline the backrest on these chairs, or the user must have the ability to push back against the backrest while pushing forwards on the armrests. Some can be operated by the user while seated in the chair, others have to be operated by someone else. Ensure that the backrest can be reclined and repositioned when the user is in the chair. If you are buying a chair with a built-in foot rest make sure that you are able to place your feet under your knees when standing up. Some footrests prevent you from doing this when they are lowered.

Electrically powered reclining chairs

Most of these chairs have a fairly high seat, and tend to be wider and more padded than fireside chairs. Because they need a power supply they must be positioned near to a power point to avoid the hazard of a trailing flex.

They are controlled by a handset which may have push buttons or a rocker switch. A person with weak hands may find the latter easier to use. Castors on these heavy chairs enable them to be moved more easily.

Warning: It should be noted that in 2000, the Medical Devices Agency in the UK issued a safety notice on electrically operated lift and recliner chairs following a number of reported incidents of entrapment of children and pets.

Riser recliners

These recline in the same way as those mentioned above, but they also have a seat lift. On most models the whole chair rises which provides the user with support and leverage to get out of the chair.

Chair beds

Sleeping during the night in a standard electric recliner is not generally recommended. In exceptional circumstances if a person is unable to transfer from a chair to a bed using a chair bed may be an option. These look like a bed and can be electrically powered to lower the foot end and raise the head of the bed so that it becomes shaped like a chair.

Raising and supporting your legs

You may need to sit with your feet up, either purely for comfort or for medical reasons eg if you have stiff or swollen legs. If your doctor or therapist has advised you to sit with your legs elevated you should ask him/her how your legs should be supported. For instance, if you have swollen feet or ankles you may need to have your legs supported to at least a horizontal position, if not higher to reduce the swelling effectively. If you have arthritis in your knee it may need to be kept as straight as possible. Therefore, before purchasing or hiring a leg rest or footstool ensure that it will be suitable for your particular needs.

Leg rests and footstools

A footrest only supports the feet and ankles and is usually lower than a leg rest. A footrest may not be suitable if you have a painful, stiff or weak knee, as your knee will remain unsupported. This can put strain on the ligaments behind the joint and could lead to discomfort.

• Foot and leg rests with legs that are independently height-adjustable or which have an adjustable angle top, will enable the supporting surface to be sloped downwards. This will provide a comfortable support and will distribute the pressure evenly down the leg length. Many are available with T-shaped legs and a slightly concave or angled top.

• Fixed height foot and leg rests should be tried out for comfort before purchase as they cannot be adjusted to suit the individual user. Most are available with a choice of vinyl or fabric upholstery and wooden or metal frames.
• A leg rest should support the legs from the chair edge right down to the feet, providing even support along your lower leg and heel. It is important that the weight of your lower legs is not resting on one point, such as your heels, as this will quickly lead to soreness. An adjustable or tilting leg rest will provide a comfortable support and will distribute the pressure evenly. Many are available with T-shaped legs and a slightly concave top. Most are available with a choice of vinyl or fabric upholstery and wooden or metal frames.

• L-shaped rocking leg rests adjust automatically to the angle of the user’s legs. Most have a long and a short support, and it may be possible to use them to support either the legs or the feet. Alternatively, they provide a downward support for the calves and another support at right angles under the soles of the feet.
• The weight of the footstool or leg rest needs to be considered as the footstool will need to be moved out of the way when you stand up and put back in place when you are seated. Some leg rests have castors which can assist in moving them.

Leg lifters

Some people will find it difficult to lift their feet onto or off a footstool or leg rest.

Manual leg lifters comprise a strap and a loop at the end on which you place your foot. It is a simple device to help you lift your leg onto or off a footstool or footrest. However, you need adequate strength and dexterity to carry out the task. Some people perform a similar action using the crook neck of a walking stick.

Note: Care must be taken if the person has leg ulcers. Any bangs or knocks when moving the leg could cause the skin to break down further.

Mains powered leg lifters work in a similar way to the built-in leg rest on a reclining chair. The device is attached between the two front chair legs and is hinged at the top. It rises from a vertical down position, through a 90° arc to form a horizontal surface. The mechanism is controlled by a hand-held switch and may operate via a hydraulic mechanism or inflatable air bag powered by a compressor.

Chairs with a built in elevating legrest

A person using a chair with an elevating leg rest may risk getting his/her legs trapped in the scissor mechanism underneath or in the gap between the top edge of the leg rest and the chair cushion.

Many reclining chairs have a built-in leg rest which operates simultaneously with the backrest. This is ideal if people are using the chairs only for sitting or lying. However, those users who want to sit with their feet up while watching television, for instance, may find models with independently operating backrests and leg rests more suitable. These enable the leg rest to be raised, even though the backrest is still up straight. Consider the amount of support that these types of leg rests provide, as some only support from halfway down the calves rather than from the edge of the seat.

Chairs with independent backrest and leg rest operation have two motors and more buttons to push. You may choose a chair with simultaneous backrest and leg rest operation because the controls are simpler.

For people with more complex seating needs

Many people are not able to maintain a stable and comfortable seated position either due to muscle weakness, joint pain, muscle spasm, loss of balance, pressure sores or joint stiffness. Any of these may result in the person sliding forwards in the chair, leaning over the arm of the chair, falling forwards in the chair or generally being uncomfortable. A stable sitting position is one that requires minimum effort to maintain it. Being unable to maintain a stable sitting position, because of any of the reasons mentioned above, can be extremely tiring. A good deal of effort is expended when people have to stop themselves from sliding in the seat or falling forwards. It is essential that anybody who has a complex seating need should be assessed by an occupational therapist or physiotherapist.

In many cases a standard high seat chair may be the answer as long as its dimensions suit the particular user. For example, a person may be sliding in the chair because the seat is too deep and not because he/she needs a more supportive chair. If the user does need a more supportive chair various adjustable chairs are available.

Chairs with adjustable-angle seats and backrests

These tend to be standard wooden framed high seat chairs that have an adjustable seat which can be sloped slightly backwards. Most also have an adjustable backrest that can be slightly reclined so that the overall seat/backrest angle remains at a comfortable 90°. This type of chair may be suitable for somebody who tends to slide forwards in the chair or who tends to fall forwards or has difficulty holding his/her head up.

Deep seat chairs

These chairs have a very deep, backwards sloping seat that will provide stability for someone with weak muscles or who tends to go into spasm. Some have gate-opening armrests to help the user to get in and out.

However, it is important to consider the following points:

• The very deep, backward sloping seat can make it difficult, even for an independent person, to get out of the chair.
• The handling assessment will often indicate that it is essential to use a hoist to transfer someone who has little mobility, into this chair.
• In order to maintain a comfortable angle of around 90° between a sloping seat and the backrest, the backrest needs to be angled back quite sharply. This can alter the line of vision of the user so that he/she is forced to stare towards the ceiling and can therefore distort balance and spatial awareness. Some models have the headrest section angled forwards so that the line of vision of the user is directed forwards but this can put a strain on the neck of the user.

Cube-shaped chairs

These are foam filled angular shaped chairs which have a deep sloping seat, high sides and wide padded armrests. Most have vinyl or easy-to-clean covers. They do not offer much postural support and have a low back, which does not support the head. As the whole chair is made of foam it does not provide any rigid support, either for the user or the carer, when someone is getting in and out of the chair. It would be advisable to use a hoist to lift someone in and out of these chairs but an overhead hoist may be the only option, as many of these chairs are wide and have insufficient space underneath to accommodate any other type of hoist.

Multi-adjustable deep seat chairs

These are multi-adjustable, wooden-framed, padded chairs or metal-framed upholstered chairs that are multi-adjustable so that they can be tailored to individual needs. The height, width, depth and angle of the seat on most chairs is adjustable, as is the angle of the backrest. Some have a tilt-in-space mechanism so that the whole seat and backrest unit can be angled backwards to provide a deep seat, and then moved forwards again to a horizontal position to make it easier when getting in and out. They have additional side and head supports that can be fitted and adjusted according to the user’s needs. These chairs are obviously more expensive than standard chairs and therefore are likely to be used only by people who have complex seating needs and who require additional postural support. If a hoist is used to transfer the user in and out of the chair, ensure that there is sufficient access for the hoist around or underneath the base.

Modular seating systems

Modular seating systems are the most adaptable in terms of posture and support, meeting the most complex needs, but they tend to have a clinical appearance. They are multi-adjustable systems made up of component parts which provide support and stability, which attach to an underlying frame, usually with wheels. Some manufacturers can provide custom moulded components if necessary, e.g. to support a spinal curvature.

Some systems cater for both children and adults. The components can be replaced as the person grows or changes posture.

Chairs with pressure-relieving properties

Some chairs come with built-in pressure relieving properties. They have an integral pressure relief system in the seat ie gel or water chairs. For further information on pressure relief, see the Assist Ireland Information Sheet Pressure relief equipment.’

Safety straps/harnesses

Supports and harnesses are available which may provide support and encourage a person to sit in a firm, stable position. However, they should not be used as a long-term solution and every effort should be made to provide support within the chair itself.

Restraining straps should only be used in extreme circumstances under guidance, when the person is at risk of severely injuring him/herself.

People with complex seating needs are sometimes referred to a specialist seating clinic. Such clinics will carry out an assessment and provide advice on seating in chairs and wheelchairs. Contact your local Health Clinic for more information.

Cushions and accessories that provide additional support in the chair

Support cushions

Many people can sit quite adequately in a standard armchair, but need additional support for a specific part of the body in order to feel more comfortable. The most common supports are back and neck cushions.

The following types of back supports are available:Non-adjustable back supports – most are fibre, foam or bead-filled with a fabric cover and a rigid contoured base. The user should be sure that it provides enough support in the curve of the lower back, as they cannot be adjusted.Back support with seat – these are similar in construction to those above, but have an attached, shaped seat.Modular back supports – these have a firm, contoured backrest with an adjustable height pad which can be moved up and down to alter the position of support to the most comfortable place for the user.Inflatable back supports – these can be inflated by means of a small hand pump and positioned to provide comfort and support.

• Vacuum back supports – these contain small beads and are moulded to the shape of the particular user. A small hand pump is used to withdraw some or all of the air creating either a firm or semi-soft support.

Wedge cushions

These cushions can be used either with the thick edge at the front or back of the seat. Having the thick edge of the wedge at the front may be useful for a person who tends to slide forwards in the chair. The cushions can either be secured on top of or beneath an existing cushion or chair seat. Care must be taken that the cushion will not alter drastically the overall height of the seat and make the armrests less effective as a support. Different angled wedges are available. Alternatively a wedge cushion can be used in a dining chair or office chair with the thick edge at the back, to encourage a more upright posture when working at a desk or eating.

For people who have continence issues

Although protection for chairs is available, it is best to try to solve the underlying problem first. Contact the public health nurse for advice on the treatment and management of incontinence. The public health nurse may refer you to a continence advisor who is a specialist public health nurse. They can provide advice and support on all aspects of continence care and can be contacted through the local health centre.

Waterproof covers

Many of the standard high seat chairs can either be upholstered with water resistant fabric or can be fitted with waterproof liners between the cushion and its cover. These look more attractive than vinyl covers and are not so slippery. Nor do they cause sweating.

These are absorbent seat pads with a waterproof base layer. The pads are placed on top of the cushion cover or between the cover and the cushion to prevent urine from making the cushion wet. However, these are not an ideal solution, as they tend to crumple up. They can also lead to a loss of dignity if placed on top of the cushion.

Sheepskins and synthetic fleeces for comfort

Sheepskins do not relive pressure but can be helpful when used in conjunction with other pressure relieving support systems because wool fibres are naturally resilient and so help to reduce shear forces. They also help to maintain low humidity and temperature by absorbing water vapour and heat. Sheepskins come in three main forms.

Natural sheepskin

This wool fleece on its own leather backing is the most comfortable of the three and reduces shear forces most efficiently. However, great care must be taken when washing, and the fleece must be regularly brushed so that the fibres do not become matted.

Synthetic sheepskin

These skins are less resilient and therefore do not reduce shear forces as efficiently. Also, they do not absorb heat and moisture so readily. However, they can be washed more easily and effectively.

Natural fleece on a fabric backing

Because it has been removed from its natural backing, the pile on this sheepskin tends to be shorter and therefore provides slightly less resilience. However, this type of skin is easier to wash, although it still needs regular brushing to prevent matting.

Useful addresses

Association of Occupational Therapists of Ireland (AOTI)
Office 1 & 2
1st Floor
Haymarket House
Smithfield
Dublin 7
Tel: 01-874 8136
Email: info@aoti.ie
Website: www.aoti.ie

Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists (ISCP)
Royal College of Surgeons
St Stephen’s Green
Dublin 2
Tel: 01-402 2148 
Email: info@iscp.ie
Website: www.iscp.ie

Disabled Living Foundation (DLF)(UK charity providing advice and information and a comprehensive up-to-date database of disability equipment available in the UK)
England
Tel: 0044 207 289 6111
Email: info@dlf.org.uk
Website: www.dlf.org.uk

Revenue Commissioners
FREEPOST
Central Repayments Office
M: TEK II Building
Armagh Road
Monaghan
Tel: 047 621 000
LoCall: 1890 60 60 61
Email: cromon@revenue.ie
Website: www.revenue.ie

Continence Promotion Unit
Dr Steeven’s Hospital
Dublin 8
Tel: 01-635 2775

Research Institute for Disabled Consumers (RIDC) (independent research body in UK which produces guides for older and disabled consumers based on professional research – formerly known as RICA)
England
Tel: 0044 207 427 2460
Email: info@ridc.org.uk
Website: www.ridc.org.uk